Refugees from the East, 1938-40

Kurt Steinhardt, wife Sonja and daughter Marion in Dresden in 1932 on Marion's first birthday. From a private collection

The shock of Germany’s Annexation of Austria in March 1938 and the catastrophic, anti-Jewish violence of Kristallnacht November 9-10 drove numbers of German and Austrian Jews to seek safety in the West. Kurt Steinhart’s generations’ old family business in Dresden was destroyed on Kristallnacht. He wound up in Amiens although his wife and children stayed behind. Seemingly he planned for them to join him when his situation stabilized.

To Amiens from Austria there came a stream of mostly Vienna-born Jews. Most were single or divorced. Some were able to get jobs in Amiens, but others had to rely on help from the philanthropic committee of the newly formed Jewish congregation.

Cilly Affenkraut emigrated to France earlier than most of these refugees and lived in Paris for a time before relocating to Amiens. In Amiens she gave birth to her third child, named Edith. They are shown here in this photo.

Cilly Affenkraut and her youngest daughter Edith Fuchs (born in Amiens, 3 March 1940) in AmiensPhotograph in the possession of Edith Fuchs. Digitized by the Archives departementales de la Somme. — Cilly Affenkraut and her youngest daughter Edith Fuchs (born in Amiens, 3 March 1940) in Amiens
Photograph in the possession of Edith Fuchs. Digitized by the Archives departementales de la Somme.

Though the general causes which prompted the refugees to flee are evident, a mystery surrounds their presence specifically in Amiens. For unclear reasons they came to be concentrated in a particular neighborhood and in three or four particular houses, including No. 11 and No. 15 rue Pierre Lhermite and No. 18 rue Duthoit.

Had the refugees come to Amiens voluntarily, to live and seek work? A letter written in 1963 by Paul Kammerman, a refugee who survived forced labor at Auschwitz and several other extermination camps, before settling in Israel, suggests that the concentration of the refugees in Amiens may have been a “forced relocation” by order of the French government.

In any case, their stay was short-lived. The German armies occupied the Somme in the spring of 1940 and swept on toward Paris. In December 1940, the refugees were expelled by order of the authorities from Amiens. Cilly Affenkraut was sent to a work camp for foreign nationals in the interior of France. Her children, Edith and Liliane, were placed in an orphanage, then fortunately adopted by families and saved. Other refugees wound up in Paris, where they lived a hunted existence, tracked by the German authorities and the French police who kept an enormous file on the Jews of the capital, which was used in the round-ups (rafles). Among the sixteen adult refugees who are attested in Amiens in September 1940, ten, including Kurt Steinhart and Cilly Affenkraut, met their deaths in deportation to Auschwitz.

AN INCOMPLETE RECKONING AND A DEEPER LOOK AT THE REFUGEES IN THE SOMME

“These persons resided only a brief time in Amiens and left the city on the 2nd of December 1940 by order of the German authorities for an unknown destination. Political refugees, these individuals possessed no goods and lived from the subsidies which the organized Jewish community accorded them.”
Police Chief Dubert’s report to the Prefect of the Somme, 11 January 1943, Source: AJ 38 5072/1076

Two years after the end of the WWII, Lucien Aaron, a leader in the Jewish community in Amiens and himself a former internee, compiled a “list of the Jewish deportees and internees” for the benefit of a national organization devoted to those groups. He included the names of the many Jewish deportees who did not return from the death camps, the few who did, and the handful of Jews, like himself, who had been arrested but subsequently freed without being deported. He also had another category, “Refugees in the Somme” with ten names.

Where had Lucien Aaron obtained the names of the ten refugees? During their brief stay a number of the refugees had received material support from the Philanthropic Committee of the Synagogue, and Monsieur Aaron would probably have been aware of that. However, he was rather precise about the spelling of their names, giving the impression of having relied on an earlier written document. His list indicated that the named refugees had not returned but did not specify what happened to them. A person who wrote a few comments on Lucien Aaron’s list in a different hand added tersely “no knowledge of what has become of them” (“aucune connaissance de ce qu’ils sont devenus”). So it is probably not surprising, when the next year, in June 1948, the Amiens synagogue dedicated a memorial tablet to its martyrs (“A Nos Martyrs”), a memorial which may well have relied on M. Aaron’s list for the names of the victims, the names of the refugees were not included. There was after all “no knowledge of what had become of them.”

However, seventy years later, thanks to the large and expanding volume of information on the victims of the Shoah, we are in a position to know much of what was then unknown. I have attempted to bring together in this section as much information as I have been able to glean from the archives and online. In November 2020, I was asked by Lauren Bairnsfather, Director of the Holocaust Center of Pittsburgh, which had previously hosted my American exhibit (“Rediscovering the Jews of Amiens”), to record a ten minute segment on the Refugees in Amiens as part of a Program commemorating Kristallnacht and the Shoah in France.

Short video from 2020 Kristallnacht Commemoration with Dr. David Rosenberg discussing elements of his research.To learn more about his work in Amiens, visit ...

I am aware of a few small imprecisions, but the exercise inspired me to continue to look deeper into the subject with benefits I hope in what follows.

AN INCOMPLETE RECKONING: A DEEPER LOOK AT THE REFUGEES FROM THE EAST IN AMIENS

The following is a list of the refugees with indication of their fate. I include information about their lives before, during and after their sojourn in the Somme.

A description of the sources evidencing their presence in Amiens precedes the list. One of these sources is an economic status form which some of the refugees had been required to fill out personally in November 1940. I sometimes quoted the actual language from these forms, preserving grammatical mistakes and spelling errors, because I think they convey in varying measure the refugees’ recentness and unfamiliarity with their new environment. I also try to link to a document bearing the signature of the individual where one exists. In only a few cases have photographs of the refugees or letters by them been found. Information on the fates of the refugees after their expulsion from Amiens in December 1940, including their deportation, and before their arrival in c. 1938 are derived from the CDJC, Yad Vashem and various genealogical and secondary sources.

The basic sources attesting to the refugees’ time in Amiens are as follows:

1. A Report by the French police of September 10, 1940, in response to a request of the German military authority, listing nine persons, all Jews, coming from Greater Germany, including Austria. Amiens, Archives Municipales, 4 H 4 129(“Resortissants allemands”)

2. The ”Register of Declarations of Israelites” September 27-October 1940, a wider census of Jews in the city and the Department of the Somme (“Reg. Decl. 1940”). The original is in Archives nationales, AJ 38 5076 and multiple copies in A.D. Somme. Scans are online on this website [link to World of the Jews page?]

3. “Economic Status Forms,” November 1940, in compliance with a German Ordinance of 18 October “sur la détermination et déclaration des enterprises juives” under “Fiches individuelles,” AJ 38 5075 followed by the relevant microfilm image number

4. Police Chief’s report to the Prefect of the Somme (11 January 1943) AJ 38 5072/1076 listing ten refugees who according to the report were expelled from Amiens on December 2, 1940.

5. Former refugee Paul Kammermann’s letter of 1963 to Simon Lehr, President of the Jewish Congregation of the Somme, Archives départementales de la Somme, online.

REFUGEES ATTESTED IN AMIENS IN 1940

Please note that dates are expressed following the European convention of DAY/MONTH/YEAR rather than the American convention of MONTH/ DAY/ YEAR

I have chosen to put down more information than may seem necessary but my hope is it might add some dimensionality to our sense of the refugees.

REFUGEES DEPORTED TO AUSCHWITZ (JUNE 1942 – FEBRUARY 1944)

NOTE: NONE SURVIVED EXCEPT PAUL KAMMERMANN

1) Kurt STEINHART, born Dresden, 29/12/1903. Deported Convoy No. 2 from Compiegne to Auschwitz, 05/06/1942. His address as listed on his “Fiche familiale” from the Prefecture of Police (Paris): 82, rue de la Chapelle, Paris 18e; and on his Drancy fiche, Strehlenstrasse 52 (Dresden)

Traces in Amiens: 26, rue Debray (Reg. Decl. 1940); 64, rue de la République (Police Chief)

Other: Kurt Steinhart’s nephews have done extensive investigations on him and the Steinhart family. They produced a documentary on their search : “The Harp Tree” This documentary was available as a CD and also online. The Steinhart family owned a Department Store in Dresden. Kurt managed it with his brother Werner. Kurt married a sales person from the store Sonya and they had two children Marion and Gert. Werner was the last bridegroom to be married in the Dresdner synagogue before it was destroyed in Kristallnacht. Kurt was interned in Buchenwald, then given the choice to emigrate. Hence he came to France presumably to Paris first in around early 1939 (?). Kurt’s wife and children, after being moved around from place to place in Dresden by the authorities, were deported to Auschwitz themselves in 1943. According to his nephew, family lore maintains that Kurt Steinhart joined the Resistance in Paris. Could this perhaps have been the Foreign Legion, which often attracted Spanish Republicans and East European Jews. His “fiche familiale” at the Prefecture of Paris lists “Armee francaise, 1939-40.”

2) Cilly AFFENKRAUT, born Leipzig, 19/02/1909. Deported Convoy No. 6 from Pithiviers, 17/07/1942. Coming from Sens. Camp of St. Denis-les-Sens.

Traces in Amiens: 15, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Reg. Decl. 1940). Daughters Liliane Reichenbach born in Paris and Edith Affenkraut (later Fuchs) born in Amiens in March 1940 are listed along with Cilly on Reg. Decl. 1940

Eco. Status Form, AJ 38 5075/4187 ad 4188. Acc. to self-declared information on her “Economic Status Form”: “nationality “Polish,” “daughter of Hores (Horace?) and Fanny Affenkraut”; “unmarried mother of three children” Economic situation prior to 23 mai 1940 (date of German assault) [supported by] “comité juive” (Philanthropic committee of the synagogue). After May 23, 1940 “laundress” (“blanchisseuse”)Form filled out and signed in Amiens, 18 November 1940.

Other: Photos online on the site of A.D. Somme. Also several articles written by her daughter Edith Fuchs née Affenkraut, “Cilly Affenkraut” in Un train parmi d’autres : Memoires du convoi 6 et Anthoine Mercier (le cherche midi, 2008), pp. 31-37.” . Edith Fuchs, “Entre temoignage et histoire : Saint-Denis-les-Sens, 1940-1942,” Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah 2013/2 No. 199, pages 445-456. See page 447, note 8 with reference to Paul Kammermann letter. For documents on their period in the camp(s), see also, Pithiviers-Auschwitz, 17 Juillet 1942 6h 15.

3) Alice KLEPETAR nee STEINER, born Vienna 02/02/1892. Deported Convoy No. 7, 19/07/1942 Ex-Austrian, 5 rue Riboutté, Paris 9e same address as Alfred Wolkenstein; also older address in Paris 39, rue Richer, 9e. Interned in the Tourelles prison 26/6/1942 by order of Captain Dannecker. It looks like she was transferred from the Tourelles prison to Drancy on 14/07/42 and deported on 19/07/42.

Traces in Amiens: 18, rue Duthoit (Reg. Decl. 1940) (Police Chief) Economic Status Form, AJ 38 5075/4233

Other: Her husband Egon KLEPETAR was born in BRNO, Aldergasse 34, 14/09/1879. They had two children born in Vienna, Hildegard born 19/03/1915 and Hans Wolfgang born 16/06/1919. Egon Klepetar died December 10, 1933. One of the children may have emigrated to Brazil, Sao Paolo (?). Hans Wolfgang

Klepetar married in Lancaster, England (date unknown).

Alice Klepetar and Alfred Wolkenstein moved around together, living together in Amiens and Paris and were arrested on the same day, June 26, 1942. She was remanded to the Tourelles prison; he directly to Drancy.

4) Alfred WOLKENSTEIN, born Vienna 16/03/1895. Deported Convoy No. 12, 29/07/1942, 5 rue Riboutté, Paris 9e, Ex-Austrian, Salesman (Representant). Interned at Drancy by order of German Capt. Dannecker 26/6/1942. Amiens: 18, rue Duthoit (Ressortisants allemands) (Reg. Decl. 1940)(Eco. Status Form)(Police Chief)

Eco. Status Form, AJ 38 5075/4525 Before May 23, 1940 “ouvrier”; after May 23, 1940 “evakue” (sic) “je été blanchisseur” (sic) (evacuee, launderer) He lists his status as “divorcé” On the Reg. Decl. he represented himself as single (“celibataire”). In one Drancy fiche he is described as “divorced, one child.”

Yad Vashem lists father as Ludwig, mother as Adele née Bratmann and has Alfred “married to Sidonie”; has date of death 04/09/1942 and Train “901-7” in Convoy No. 12.

Geni.com has a lot of information on him and his family:

His wife Sidonie Wolkenstein née Lehr was deported from Vienna, residence 9 Seegasse to Izbica 05.06.1942.

The Izbica (Poland) ghetto was eventually emptied of its estimated 6,000 Jewish residents who were sent to either Belzec or Sobibor. Only 35 of the inhabitants of Izbica survived. One wonders if AW was really divorced from Sidonie Wolkenstein (Lehr) and also what happened to the child whose existence is indicated on the Drancy fiche? Sidonie Lehr was born December 11, 1893 in Lviv, Lviv Oblast, aka Lvov also Lemberg. She and Alfred Wolkenstein were married in Alsergrund in 1926. Alfred’s father Ludwig (also named Jehuda Loeb) was born 19/12/1858 in Budovice, Vykov District, S. Moravian Region, Czech Republic. He died on June 03, 1917, resident of Seegasse 9, in Vienna and is buried in the Central Cemetery. His wife, AW’s mother Adele Bratmann was born 20 January 1866 in Vienna. She died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto on October 30, 1942. [possible image]

Alfred’s siblings were Irene, Oskar, Ella, Adolf and Paul. Irene born in Vienna 21 Jan 1890 died 26 January 1942 in Riga, Latvia, a Holocaust victim. His brother Paul b. Vienna 27/03/1897 died in Vienna 12/11/1952. The other siblings did not live to see WWII.

5) Max MAUNER, born Vienna, 21/09/1897 (DOB on list in Amiens 21/09/1891 although maybe I mistranscribed?). Deported Convoy No. 26, 31/08/1942; deported with his wife and three daughters after working in a labor camp in South of France (Haute Vienne) until 29/07/1942 when he was transferred to the Occupied Zone. (CDJC online accessed 11/2020). Amiens: 11, rue Pierre l’Hermite, married, Israelite/Austrian (Ressortissants allemands)
Other: His wife Rosa MAUNER born 29/05/1899. Cernauti (or Czernauti) “ex-Austrian”; his children Felicitas, born Vienna 08/01/1924; Julia (or Julienne), born Vienna 01/08/1925; Liselotte, born Vienna 25/05/1932. According to information on CDJC website, Max Mauner was living in the 313th Groupement de travailleurs étrangers (Cohort of foreign workers) in Bellac (Department of Haute Vienne) in 1942. He was a carpenter. He was transferred to the Occupied Zone 29/07/1942(?), documents suggest with his family members. He was then deported with his wife and children to Auschwitz. See CDJC. He and his family appear on various lists of persons interned at Rivesaltes

Observation: Max Mauner’s footprint in Amiens is slight. He only appears on the September 10, 1940 Police list of Ressortissants allemands but not on the larger census of Sept-October 1940. He is described as married but it is not indicated whether his family was with him in Amiens. They were apparently with him in the labor camp and were certainly deported with him on the 31 of August 1942. NEW INFORMATION JUST ADDED ON THE MAUNER FAMILY IN AMIENS See New on the site page http://www.jewsofthesomme.com/new

6) Paul KAMMERMANN, born Budapest 10/06/1899. Deported Convoy No. 32 14/09/1942. Hungarian, Chauffeur, 5, rue Saulnier Paris 9e Arrondissement, and 16 bis Cité Trevise 9e. HE SURVIVED DEPORTATION. Amiens: 29, rue Blasset (Ressortissants allemands) (Reg. Decl. 1940) (Police Chief)

(Economic Status Forms) AJ 38 5075/4238 and 4239. Before May 23, 1940 “chauffeur des etablissement Dallé à Chantiers” (sic) After May 23 1940 “evacuation.”

Other: Parents Marcus and Bertha née Hausman. Married to Mina (Hermina) FANGER in Vienna. They had one child, Natalie KAMMERMANN, born Vienna 24/04/1921. Paul Kammermann died in Tel Aviv.

Mina or Hermine FANGER was born in Budapest, daughter of Anna FANGER, 13/01/1899. Prior to WWII she lived in Vienna. Her mother’s maiden name was BECK. Her mother was born in Lemberg, Poland.

Mina and her mother Anna were murdered during the Shoah according to Natalie’s witness sheets at Yad Vashem.

Natalie Kammermann wound up in Australia, where she filled out testimony sheets for her mother Mina Fanger and grandmother, Anna Fanger. Natalie Kammerman (married name Preston) died in Melbourne, Australia 18/04/2014. (genealogy website).

Continued from left column:

7) Irma EPSTEIN, nee BERGER, 17/11/09 CDJC, conflicting date of 1894 on Amiens Reg. of 1940, born Vienna, Deported Convoy No. 40, 04/11/1942, entry date Drancy 11/10/1942 Amiens: 15, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Reg. Decl. 1940)

Eco. Status Form, Nov. 1940 AJ 38 4225 and 4224 She listed her status Before May 23, 1940 as “worker (ouvrière) at Etablissements Matifat, Route de Rouen.” in Amiens. After May 23, “cleaning woman” (“femme de ménage”)

8) Max SPETH born Vienna 27/01/1890, profession “trieur de laine” (?) (CDJC Drancy Adults Fiche). Deported Convoy No. 40, 04/11/1942, indicated as coming from Rivesaltes, 66. However on Fiche familiale, he has an address in Paris 16 bis Cité Trevise 9eme. He was a friend and roommate of Paul Kammermann at 16 bis Cité Trevise. Kammermann mentions him in several places in his 1963 letter to Simon Lehr. Amiens: 11, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Ressortissants allemands) (Reg. Decl. 1940) (Police Chief)

Eco. Status Form, Nov. 1940 AJ 38/4492 and 4491. Self-described “ouvier” (sic) (worker) before May 23, 1940; after May 23: “evacue“ “blanchisseur” (“evacuated” “launderer”)

9) Julius BRULL, born Vienna, 27/04/1882 Editor (Herausgeber) maybe “Publisher” a better translation. Deported in Convoy No. 57, 18/07/1943 Amiens: 46, rue Le Notre (same as Eleonore Brull below) (Police Chief)

10) Charotte KATZENELLE (KATZNELL at CDJC), born Zuranow, 04/05/1871, married. Deported Convoy No. 67, 03/02/1944. Amiens: 11, rue Pierre l”Hermite (Ressortissants allemands) (Reg. Decl. 1940); 6, rue Porion (Police Chief) NEW see Family Photo in New on the Site http://www.jewsofthesomme.com/new

Geni.com Charlotte (Lea) Katznell, daughter of Jacob WIESEL and Rachel WIESEL, wife of Jacob Meier Katznell. Sister of Israel Wiesel, Aron Epstein, Rebecca Halpern, Sabina Diamond and Karl Wiesel.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT HER AND HER FAMILY, SEE THE EXTENDED NOTE IN THE ENTRY FOR JACOB KATZENELL (IMMEDIATELY BELOW)

11) Jacob KATZENELLE (KATZNELL at CDJC), Jacob, born Stanislau, 02/02/1871, married. Deported Convoy No. 67 03/02/1944 no profession ; address given in carnet de fouille, Place Danube Paris 19e arr. date of arrival at Drancy 22/01/1944 NEW! see Family Photo in New on the Site http://www.jewsofthesomme.com/new

Amiens: 11, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Ressortissants allemands) (Reg. Decl. 1940); 6, rue Porion (Police Chief)

Eco. Status Form, AJ 38/5075 4246 and 4247 according to his words: “refugie d’Autriche depuis 1938, je recoit de moyen pour vivre des mes enfant habitant actuel a Buenes Aires” (“receive my means of livelihood from my children currently living in Buenos Ayres.”) After May 23, 1940: “same situation.”

A genealogical website www.geni.com accessed 05/12/2020 provides considerable biographical information (in German) on Jacob and Charlotte Katzenell. Here is what I gleaned. Jacob Maier Katzenell (nicknamed “Max”) was born on February 2, 1871 in Stanislaw, Galicia. His father, Leib Elia Katzenell was a bookbinder in Stanislaw and his mother was Frumet Katzenell, née Kuner. [Siblings] Joseph Katzenell, Hersh “Harry” Katzenell, Malke Katzenell.

The couple were ritually engaged on 07.06.1895 in Stansilaw. They had four children: 1) Heinrich Salomon, b. 29.12.1895 (Stanislaw) 2) Bernhard, b. 18.08.1898 (Stanislaw) 3) Dorothea (Dora Friedman) b. 10.01.1900 (Stanislaw) and 4) Karl, b. 16.02.1905 (Munich)

The family moved to Munich .06.05.1896 and lived there with interruptions e.g. Duesseldorf (1923-26) until 24.01.1935 when they moved to Vienna and in 10.05.1935 to Breslau. From there they returned to

Vienna (“meldeten sich ab”) These earlier movements may have been related to business transfers. He appears to have been in the linen/textile business, perhaps as a broker, and on commission (the economic details are more difficult to get clear on in another language). The biographical profile lists various known addresses in Munich, but only starting in 1926.

From Vienna to which the couple had returned in 1935, they emigrated next to Paris (no date given but according to the Eco. Status Report it would have been 1938, the year of the Anschluss). All of their sons meanwhile emigrated in the 1930s presumably to Argentina which seems also borne out by the Eco. Status Report of the Katzenelle couple in Amiens in 1940, that they were receiving funds for support from their children in Buenos Aires. [Photo of Bernhard, his wife and children presumably in Argentina]

In Paris, according to the bio, the couple lived in the 19th Arrondissement, in the Place Danube (Was this before or after the sojourn in Amiens or both?)

REFUGEES NOT KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN DEPORTED

12) Bernhard ROCHOCZ, born Volksmardorf-les-Leipzig 11/07/1878 Israelite, unmarried

Amiens: 63, chaussée St. Pierre (Ressortissants allemands) (Police Chief)

13) Israel Hermann BECK born Vienna, 08/06/1889, unmarried, Israelite/Austrian

Amiens: 11, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Ressortissants allemands)

14) Ervin BLUMENFELD, born Vienna, 11/08/1905, unmarried, Israelite/Austrian Amiens: 11, rue Pierre l”Hermite (Ressortissants allemands)

15) Eleonore BRULL, nee LAUTERBACH, born Brasso, 23/04/1899

Amiens: 46 rue Le Notre (Police Chief). Another document AJ 38 5072/3133 Notice individuelle describes her as “in process of divorce from BRULL” and indicates she was at 1 rue Henri Daussy in Amiens prior to living at 46, rue Le Notre.

Other: AJ 38 5074/3127 Get date here. Letter Police Chief (Commissaire Special) to Prefect of the Somme: Eléonore BRULL, maiden name LAUTERBACH, born 23 April 1899 in BRASSO (Roumania), daughter of Ludvig (Lauterbach) and Mathilde JOHN. In process of divorce [from Julius BRULL], has been residing in FAMECHON (Somme) since October 1940 [N.B Another police document, AJ 38 5072/ 3133 claims she left Amiens for Famechon 17 January 1941].

She arrived in France in March 1939 with a German passport issued in Vienna, 11 October 1938 and valid until 10 October 1939. She lived successively in Paris, rue de la Bruyere (9eme Arrond) until May 1939, from there to Amiens, rue le Notre 46 up until October 1940, then at FAMECHON (Somme) where she is employed as a typist (“dactylo”) at the German company ET-STRASSENBAU (Airfield of Poix).

Holder of a residence card (permis de séjour) issued by the municipal police in Amiens, 21 October 1940, replacing one issued by the Prefecture of Police in Paris on 21 September 1939.

“Catholic as to religion, Madame Brull is very well regarded by local authorities, is economically self- sufficient, law abiding and not engaged in political activity. Her internment is therefore not indicated.”

16) Misu COHN born Bucharest, 05/10/1909 married, medical doctor, trained in Amiens, later practicing in Rubempré: (Reg. Decl. 1940)

Eco. Status Form AJ 38/5075 4213 and 4212, Extensive biographical details and a letter in his own hand in AJ 38 5075/4210.

He converted to Catholicism in March 1930 and was married to Mademoiselle Durant, a medical student living with her parents in Amiens. He was naturalized in March 1934 and served in the military medical corps, then and during the general mobilization. He was captured and was imprisoned for a time in Poitiers. Released, he returned to Rubempré and resumed his practice until expelled in early December 1940 with other foreigners. He returned again and survived the war. For further details see AJ 38 5075/4210. A document testifying to his expulsion.

He is listed as a “refugee in the Somme” on Lucien Aaron’s 1947 list.

CHILDREN OF REFUGEES

17) Liliane REICHENBACH, daughter of Cilly AFFENKRAUT, born in Paris

Amiens: 15, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Reg. Decl. 1940)

18) Edith AFFENKRAUT, her sister, also daughter of Cilly AFFENKRAUT born in Amiens

Amiens: 15, rue Pierre l’Hermite (Reg. Decl. 1940)